TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) solar cells – first demonstrated by Fraunhofer ISE (Germany) in 2013 – are now poised to eclipse mono-PERC in India by 2025–26. TOPCon modules deliver ~2–3% higher efficiency (typical 22–24% vs ~20–21% for PERC), while costing only a small premium (recent bids show ~Rs1.70/W more than PERC ). Critically for India’s heat, TOPCon has a shallower temperature coefficient (~–0.29 to –0.30%/°C vs –0.34%/°C for PERC ), so it loses less output in hot climates....

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